Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

1 Computer Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

2 Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering College, University of Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq

3 Software Developer at SITA, Aldershot, England, United Kingdom

Abstract

The traditional centralized cloud computing paradigm confronts several problems, including a lack of capacity, high latency, and network failure, due to the rapid expansion of IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Fog Computing brings cloud computing and IoT devices closer to addressing these issues. Instead of transferring IoT data to the cloud, the Fog allows local processing and storage of IoT data in IoT devices. Fog Computing offers services with a quicker response time and higher quality than the cloud. Therefore, Fog Computing may be considered the greatest option for enabling the IoT to provide efficient and secure services to many IoT users. In this paper, we define the term "Fog Computing," examine its architecture  and list its features. We also talk about other related work and emphasize it.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1]      S. P. Singh, A. Nayyar, R. Kumar, and A. Sharma, "Fog Computing: from architecture to edge computing and big data processing," Journal of Supercomputing, Vol.75, No. 4, pp. 2070–2105, Apr. 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s11227-018-2701-2.
[2]       P. Prakash, K. G. Darshaun, P. Yaazhlene, M. V. Ganesh, and B. Vasudha, "Fog Computing: Issues, challenges, and future directions," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol.7, No. 6, pp. 3669–3673, Dec. 2017, DOI: 10.11591/ijece. v7i6.pp3669-3673.
[3]      S. v. Margariti, V. v. Dimakopoulos, and G. Tsoumanis, "Modeling and simulation tools for Fog Computing-A comprehensive survey from a cost perspective," Future Internet, Vol.12, No. 5, May 2020, DOI: 10.3390/FI12050089.
[4]      N. Peter, " Fog Computing and Its Real-Time Applications," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 2008.
[5]      L. M. Vaquero and L. Rodero-Merino, "Finding your Way in the Fog: Towards a Comprehensive Definition of Fog Computing," 2014. [Online]. Available: http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/cisco-iox-an-application
[6]      T.Dimitrios, k. Helen, “ Simulation  Performance Evaluation of a Fog System”. In 2018 Third International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), pp. 26-33, IEEE, 2018.
[7]      M. H. Kashani, A. Ahmadzadeh, and E. Mahdipour, "Load balancing mechanisms in Fog Computing: A systematic review.", arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.14706  2020.
[8]      H. F. Atlam, R. J. Walters, and G. B. Wills, "Fog Computing and the internet of things: A review," Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol.2, No. 2. MDPI AG, pp. 1–18, June 01, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/bdcc2020010.
[9]      S. Kunal, A. Saha, and R. Amin, "An overview of cloud‐Fog Computing: Architectures, applications with security challenges," Security and Privacy, Vol.2, No. 4, Jul. 2019, DOI: 10.1002/spy2.72.
[10]    M. A. Aleisa, A. Abuhussein, and F. T. Sheldon, "Access Control in Fog Computing: Challenges and Research Agenda," IEEE Access, Vol.8, pp. 83986–83999, 2020, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992460.
[11]   Deshmukh UA, More SA. "Fog computing: a new approach in the world of cloud computing.", Instr Technol. 2016 Sep;49. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.26749.51688
[12]   M. Mukherjee, L. Shu, and D. Wang, "Survey of Fog Computing: Fundamental, network applications, and research challenges," IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Vol.20, No. 3, pp. 1826–1857, Jul. 2018, DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2814571.
[13]   P. Hu, S. Dhelim, H. Ning, and T. Qiu, "Survey on Fog Computing: architecture, key technologies, applications, and open issues," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol.98. Academic Press, pp. 27–42, November 15, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2017.09.002.
[14]   J. Carlos Ribeiro Vieira, A. Manuel Raminhos Cordeiro Grilo João Coelho Garcia, T. Maria Sá Ferreira Vazão Vasques Supervisor, and A. Manuel Raminhos Cordeiro Grilo, “Fogand Cloud Computing Optimization in Mobile IoT Environments Electrical and Computer Engineering Examination Committee,” PhD Thesis. Instituto Técnico de Lisboa 2019.
[15]   Y. Ai, M. Peng, and K. Zhang, "Edge computing technologies for Internet of Things: a primer," Digital Communications and Networks, Vol.4, No. 2, pp. 77–86, Apr. 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2017.07.001.
[16]   S. Yi, Z. Hao, Z. Qin, and Q. Li, "Fog Computing: Platform and applications," in Proceedings - 3rd Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies, HotWeb 2015, Jan. 2016, pp. 73–78. doi: 10.1109/HotWeb.2015.22.
[17]   S. Rahul and R. Aron, "Fog Computing Architecture, Application and Resource Allocation: A Review," CEUR Workshops. Vol. 4638.  2021.
[18]   F. Bonomi, R. Milito, J. Zhu, and S. Addepalli, “Fog computing and its role in the internet of things,” in Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing, Aug. 2012, pp. 13–16. doi: 10.1145/2342509.2342513.
[19]   S. Cirani, G. Ferrari, N. Iotti, and M. Picone, "The IoT hub: A Fog node for seamless management of heterogeneous connected smart objects," in 2015 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking - Workshops, SECON Workshops 2015, Nov. 2015, pp. 43–48. DOI: 10.1109/SECONW.2015.7328145.
[20]   N. K. Giang, M. Blackstock, R. Lea, and V. C. M. Leung, "Developing IoT Applications in the Fog: A Distributed Dataflow Approach."
[21]   M. Abdullah and A. Faruque, "Energy Management-as-a-Service Over Fog Computing Platform," 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT). IEEE, 2015.
[22]   V. Gazis, A. Leonardi, K. Mathioudakis, K. Sasloglou, P. Kikiras, and R. Sudhaakar, "Components of Fog Computing in an industrial internet of things context," in 2015 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking - Workshops, SECON Workshops 2015, Nov. 2015, pp. 37–42. DOI: 10.1109/SECONW.2015.7328144.
[23]   W. Lee, K. Nam, HG. Roh, SH. Kim. ''A gateway-based Fog Computing architecture for wireless sensors and actuator networks''. In 2016 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2016 January 31 (pp. 210-213). IEEE.
[24]   L. Gu, D. Zeng, S. Guo, S. Member, A. Barnawi, and Y. Xiang, "Cost-Efficient Resource Management in Fog Computing Supported Medical Cyber-Physical System", IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing Vol. 5, Issue: 1 , 2015. DOI: 10.1109/TETC.2017.2508382.
[25]   D. Zeng, L. Gu, S. Guo, Z. Cheng, and S. Yu, "Joint Optimization of Task Scheduling and Image Placement in Fog Computing Supported Software-Defined Embedded System," IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.65, No. 12, pp. 3702–3712, Dec. 2016, DOI: 10.1109/TC.2016.2536019.
[26]   M. Yannuzzi, R. Milito, R. Serralgracì, D. Montero, and M. Nemirovsky, "Key ingredients in an IoT recipe: Fog Computing, Cloud Computing, and more Fog Computing.", 2014 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD). IEEE, 2014.
[27]   K. P.Saharan and A. Kumar, "Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Survey," International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol.122, No. 3, pp. 10–12, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.5120/21679-4773.
[28]   M. Chiang and T. Zhang, "Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol.3, No. 6. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 854–864, December 01, 2016. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2016.2584538.
[29]   R. Mahmud, R. Kotagiri, and R. Buyya, "Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions," Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives Nov. 2016, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5861-5_5.
[30]   B. Varghese, N. Wang, D. S. Nikolopoulos, and R. Buyya, "Feasibility of Fog Computing," Jan. 2017, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05451
[31]   Q. Fan and N. Ansari, "Towards Workload Balancing in Fog Computing Empowered IoT." IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, Vol.7, No. 1, 2018.
[32]   R. , Jabar S., M. Hudabia, T. Hafiz Abdullah, R.Mannan Ahmad, and A. Mishaal. "A Survey on Fog Computing in IoT.", VFAST Transactions on Software Engineering Vol 9, No 4 (2021), DOI: 10.21015/vtse. v9i4.727.
[33]   H. Sabireen and V. Neelanarayanan, "A Review on Fog Computing: Architecture, Fog with IoT, Algorithms and Research Challenges," ICT Express, Vol.7, No. 2, pp. 162–176, Jun. 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2021.05.004.
[34]   J. Singh, P. Singh, and S. S. Gill, "Fog Computing: A taxonomy, systematic review, current trends, and research challenges," Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol.157. Academic Press Inc., pp. 56–85, November 01, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jpdc.2021.06.005.
[35]   Rajadurgamani, R. and Muthubharathi, R. "Effective Workload Allocation in FogDevice based on Power Consumption and Delay Tradeoff". Journal of Information Technology, 3(4), 2021.
[36]   Pereira, Eder, et al. "A load balancing algorithm for Fog Computing environments." High Performance Computing: 6th Latin American Conference. Springer, Cham, 2019.
[37]   Singh, Simar Preet, et al. "Leveraging energy‐efficient load balancing algorithms in Fog Computing." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 34.13,2022.
[38]   M. Chiang, S. Ha, F. Risso, T. Zhang, and I. Chih-Lin, "Clarifying Fog Computing and Networking: 10 Questions and Answers," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 18-20, April 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.7901470.
[39]   F. Bonomi, R. Milito, P. Natarajan, and J. Zhu, "Fog computing: A platform for internet of things and analytics," in Big Data and Internetof Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments. Springer, 2014, pp. 169–186.
[40]   S. Yi, Z. Qin, and Q. Li, "Security and privacy issues of fog computing: A survey," in Proceedings of the 2015 Springer International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. Springer, 2015, pp. 685–695.
[41]   K. Bhardwaj, M.-W. Shih, P. Agarwal, A. Gavrilovska, T. Kim, and K. Schwan, "Fast, scalable and secure on loading of edge functions using airbox," in Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC). IEEE, 2016, pp. 14–27.
[42]   T. N. Gia, M. Jiang, A.-M. Rahmani, T. Westerlund, P. Liljeberg, and H. Tenhunen, "Fog computing in healthcare internet of things: A case study on ECG feature extraction," in Proceedings on the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing. IEEE, 2015, pp. 356–363.
[43]   N. B. Truong, G. M. Lee, and Y. Ghamri-Doudane, "Software-defined networking-based vehicular Adhoc network with fog computing," in Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM). IEEE, 2015, pp. 1202–1207.