Document Type : Review Paper
Authors
1 Electrical Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
2 Electrical Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
Voltage stability of power systems reflects challenges to the power system operators due to its effect on the power systems components performances. Therefore, many solutions were invented in order to keep the systems within the voltage stability accepted limits. Because of the huge expansion of the power grids and the different loads natures on the grids, many techniques and solutions are used. The On Load Tap Changing Transformer (OLTC) was one of those techniques. In this paper, a review of past works that deal with the voltage stability limits, voltage stability improvement ways, OLTC types, the OLTC reverse action, and OLTC effect on voltage stability, in addition to several ways that make the OLTC work better. are discussed. The paper also sheds the light on the possible ways that may be employed to prevent the OLTC reverse action.
Keywords
Main Subjects
[1] D. Research and N. Qin, “Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph Voltage Control in the Future Power Transmission Systems.” 2018, [Online]. Available: http://www.springer.com/series/8790.
[2] P. Kessel and H. Glavitsch, “Estimating the voltage stability of a power system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 1, no. 3. pp. 346–354, 1986, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.1986.4308013.
[3] P. Kundur, K. Morison, and B. Gao, “Practical considerations in voltage stability assessment,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 15, no. 4. pp. 205–215, 1993, doi: 10.1016/0142-0615(93)90019-J.
[4] O. G. I. Okwe Gerald Ibe, “Concepts of Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Methods in Power System Network,” IOSR J. Comput. Eng., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 15–25, 2013, doi: 10.9790/0661-1121525.
[5] F. Capitanescu, “Assessing reactive power reserves with respect to operating constraints and voltage stability,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2224–2234, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2109741.
[6] S. Ratra, R. Tiwari, K. R. Niazi, and R. C. Bansal, “Optimal coordinated control of OLTCs using taguchi method to enhance voltage stability of power systems,” Energy Procedia, vol. 158, pp. 3957–3963, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.846.
[7] S. Do Nascimento and M. M. Gouvêa, “Voltage Stability Enhancement in Power Systems with Automatic Facts Device Allocation,” Energy Procedia, vol. 107, no. September 2016, pp. 60–67, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.129.
[8] I. Amiel, S. Rajput, and M. Averbukh, “Capacitive reactive power compensation to prevent voltage instabilities in distribution lines,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 131, no. March, p. 107043, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107043.
[9] S. M. Ali, P. S. Babu, and B. Gurusekhar, “Reconfiguration with Simultaneous DG installation to Improve the Voltage Profile in Distribution Network using Harmony Search Algorithm,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 4, no. 4. pp. 257–273, 2015, doi: 10.11591/eei.v4i4.509.
[10] C. W. Taylor, “Concepts of Undervoltage Load Shedding for Voltage Stability,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 480–488, 1992, doi: 10.1109/61.127040.
[11] D. Pudjianto et al., “Smart control for minimizing distribution network reinforcement cost due to electrification,” Energy Policy, vol. 52, pp. 76–84, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.021.
[12] I. Tanmay Tewari, Abheejeet Mohapatra, Member, IEEE, Sandeep Anand, Senior Member, “Coordinated Control of OLTC and Energy Storage for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Network with High PV Penetration.” pp. 1–11, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2020.2991017.
[13] J. Duan and S. Zhu, “The effect of OLTC on static voltage stability limit,” Asia-Pacific Power Energy Eng. Conf. APPEEC, 2011, doi: 10.1109/APPEEC.2011.5749167.
[14] P. L. Swe, W. Swe, and K. M. Lin, “Effects of tap changing transformer and shunt capacitor on voltage stability enhancement of transmission networks,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 51, no. October, pp. 555–558, 2011.
[15] J. Tu and Y. Mi, “Research on Transformer Fast OLTC System,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1187, no. 2. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1187/2/022002.
[16] C. Gao, “Voltage Control in Distribution Networks using On-Load Tap Changer Transformers UnivBath_PhD_2013_C_Gao.pdf.” pp. 1–242, 2013.
[17] T. X. Zhu, S. K. Tso, and K. L. Lo, “An investigation into the OLTC effects on voltage collapse,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 515–521, May 2000, doi: 10.1109/59.867134.
[18] G. Y. Gyara Mahendar, “An Approach to Identify Critical On Load Tap Changing Transformers under Network Contingencies,” IEEE, vol. 4, 2016.
[19] N. Tshivhase, A. N. Hasan, and T. Shongwe, “A Fault Level-Based System to Control Voltage and Enhance Power Factor Through an On-Load Tap Changer and Distributed Generators,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 34023–34039, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061622.
[20] T. V. Sridhar, “Selection and Application of Tapchangers to Transformers,” Power Systems. pp. 151–223, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-3955-8_5.
[21] P. Thannimalai, R. R. Raman, P. Nair, and K. and Nithiyananthan, “Voltage stability analysis and stability improvement of power system,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 189–197, 2015, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v5i2.pp189-197.
[22] C. W. Taylor, “Power System Voltage Stability,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 15, no. 6. pp. 27–28, 1995, doi: 10.1109/MPER.1995.391560.
[23] H. Kazari, A. Abbaspour-Tehrani Fard, A. S. Dobakhshari, and A. M. Ranjbar, “Voltage stability improvement through centralized reactive power management on the Smart Grid,” 2012 IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. ISGT 2012, 2012, doi: 10.1109/ISGT.2012.6175622.
[24] A. A. Firdaus, O. Penangsang, A. Soeprijanto, and U. P. and Dimas Fajar, “Distribution network reconfiguration using binary particle swarm optimization to minimize losses and decrease voltage stability index,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 7, no. 4. pp. 514–521, 2018, doi: 10.11591/eei.v7i4.821.
[25] K. Lenin, B. R. Reddy, and M. Suryakalavathi, “Reduction of Real Power Loss and Safeguarding of Voltage Constancy by Artificial Immune System Algorithm,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 4, no. 2. 2015, doi: 10.11591/eei.v4i2.436.
[26] D. Ahmed Nasser B. Alsammak, “Optimal Power Flow Solution with Maximum Voltage Stability,” AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ), vol. 19, no. 6. pp. 40–53, 2011, doi: 10.33899/rengj.2011.26606.
[27] D. A. A. And and M. A. Safar, “Voltage stability margin improving by controlling power transmission paths,” Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. Vol. 7, Issue 1, July 2017, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017.
[28] M. M. and F.M.omar, “Technique for contingency monitoring and voltage collapse prediction,” IEE Proc-Gmer. Transm". Distrib., vol. 145, no. 6. pp. 634–640, 1998.
[29] I. Musirin and T. K. Abdul Rahman, “Novel fast voltage stability index (FVSI) for voltage stability analysis in power transmission system,” 2002 Student Conference on Research and Development: Globalizing Research and Development in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SCOReD 2002 - Proceedings. pp. 265–268, 2002, doi: 10.1109/SCORED.2002.1033108.
[30] A. Yazdanpanah-Goharrizi and R. Asghari, “A Novel Line Stability Index (NLSI) for Voltage Stability Assessment of Power Systems,” Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Power Systems. pp. 164–167, 2007.
[31] M. Moghavvemi and O. Faruque, “Real-time contingency evaluation and ranking technique,” IEE Proceedings: Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 145, no. 5. pp. 517–523, 1998, doi: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19982179.
[32] C. Kabir and D. B. and Sangita, “An Offline Simulation Method to Identify the Weakest Bus and Its Voltage Stability Margin in a Multibus Power Network,” 2007, vol. 7, pp. 1–5.
[33] G. Deb, K. Chakraborty, and S. Deb, “Voltage stability analysis using reactive power loading as indicator and its improvement by FACTS device,” 1st IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron. Intell. Control Energy Syst. ICPEICES 2016, pp. 1–5, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853108.
[34] B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, J. B. Ekanayake, and G. Strbac, “Electric Power Systems Fifth Edition,” Electric Renewable Energy Systems. pp. 403–456, 2015.
[35] Hi. Ohtsuki, A. Yokoyama, and Y. Sekine, “Reverse Action Of On-Load Tap Changer In Association With Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 6, no. 1. pp. 300–306, 1991, doi: 10.1109/59.131076.
[36] J. Faiz and B. Siahkolah, “Electronic Tap-changer for Distribution Transformers,” Power Systems, vol. 2. 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-19911-0.
[37] H. Zhou, X. Yan, and G. Liu, “A review on voltage control using on-load voltage transformer for the power grid,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 252, no. 3, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/252/3/032144.
[38] G. Ram, V. Prasanth, P. Bauer, and E. M. Barthlein, “Comparative analysis of on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformer topologies,” 16th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. Expo. PEMC 2014, pp. 918–923, 2014, doi: 10.1109/EPEPEMC.2014.6980624.
[39] E. O. Hasan, F. H. Yossef, and E. A.-E. Badran, “Voltage Control of Distribution Systems using Electronic OLTC,” 2018, pp. 845–849, doi: 978-1-5386-6654-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE.
[40] I. ALI AHMED ADAM, A. HUMAID, and A. ELNADY, “Automatic Voltage Stabilization Using IGBT Based on Load Tap Changer with Fault Consideration,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 72769–72780, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3079507.
[41] G. R. Chandra Mouli, P. Bauer, T. Wijekoon, A. Panosyan, and E. M. Bärthlein, “Design of a power-electronic-assisted OLTC for grid voltage regulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1086–1095, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2371539.
[42] J. De Oliveira Quevedo et al., “Analysis and design of an electronic on-load tap changer distribution transformer for automatic voltage regulation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 883–894, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2592463.
[43] T. Wijekoon, E. M. Baerthlein, A. Panosyan, B. K. Parameswaran, S. Schramm, and S. Schroeder, “Design, simulation and testing of semiconductor assisted OLTC for a grid voltage regulator,” 2014 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. ECCE 2014, pp. 5675–5681, 2014, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2014.6954179.
[44] K. Abbaszadeh, M. Ardebili, and A. R. Alaei, “Design and built of on - Load fully electronic Tap-changer with triac switch: Simulation and practical results,” PEDSTC 2010 - 1st Power Electron. Drive Syst. Technol. Conf., pp. 340–344, 2010, doi: 10.1109/PEDSTC.2010.5471794.
[45] H. Alsuwaidi and A. A. Adam, “Design and Simulation of a Seven Taps Electronic on Load Tap Changer in 11/0.4KV Distribution Transformers Using a PI Controller,” 2019 Int. Conf. Electr. Comput. Technol. Appl. ICECTA 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICECTA48151.2019.8959675.
[46] C. Erastus, Mwongela and Musyoka⋅Harold, Chisano and Oyando⋅Choong-koo, “Artificial Neural Network for the Control Mechanism of OLTC on the.pdf.” pp. 342–350, 2022, doi: 10.5370/KIEE.2022.71.2.342.
[47] H. Laaksonen, C. Parthasarathy, H. Khajeh, M. Shafie-Khah, and N. Hatziargyriou, “Flexibility Services Provision by Frequency-Dependent Control of On-Load Tap-Changer and Distributed Energy Resources,” IEEE Access, vol. 9. pp. 45587–45599, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3067297.
[48] N. N. Soe and K. S. Lwin, “Advance OLTC Control for Improving Power System Voltage Stability,” Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res., vol. 03, no. 11, pp. 2487–2493, 2014.
[49] C. S. Chang and J. S. Huang, “Intelligent tap changer duty cycle control for load voltage improvement,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1997, doi: 10.1016/s0378-7796(97)01153-x.
[50] J. Li, Y. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Effect of on-load tap changer on voltage stability of power systems with nonlinear load,” Proc. - 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Autom. Eng. CSAE 2011, vol. 4, pp. 146–149, 2011, doi: 10.1109/CSAE.2011.5952821.
[51] N. Yorino and A. F. and H. Sasaki, “On reverse control action of on-load tap-changers,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 541–548, 1997.
[52] L. Wang, Y. Liu, and S. Member, “VOLTAGE STABILITY AFFECTED BY ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER CONSIDERING EXCITATION REACTANCE OF INDUCTION MOTOR 2 . Power Transfer Limit Affected by OLTC Considering Excitation Reactance of,” no. May. pp. 2208–2211, 2005.
[53] C. C. Liu and K. T. Vu, “Analysis of Tap-Changer Dynamics and Construction of Voltage Stability Regions,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 36, no. 4. pp. 575–590, 1989, doi: 10.1109/31.92890.
[54] Y. Y. Hong and H. Y. Wang, “Investigation of the voltage stability region involving on-load tap changers,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 32, no. 1. pp. 45–54, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0378-7796(94)00894-A.
[55] G. Assefa, “TRANSFORMER REVERSE ACTION OF ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGER TRANSFORMER,” Sag 2001, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 295–316, 2001.
[56] D. Popovi6, I. A. H. Iskens, and D. J. Hill, “Investigations of load-tap changer interaction,” vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 81–97, 1996, doi: 0142.-0615(94)00003-.4.
[57] G. Yesuratnam and D. Thukaram, “Optimum reactive power dispatch and identification of critical on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformers,” Electr. Power Components Syst., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 655–674, 2007, doi: 10.1080/15325000601139641.
[58] V. Costas D., S. Member, and M. and George A., “Emergency Tap-Blocking to Prevent Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Potentials, vol. 13, no. 2. pp. 18–21, 2001, doi: 10.1109/45.283883.
[59] R. Małkowski, M. Izdebski, and P. Miller, “Adaptive algorithm of a tap-changer controller of the power transformer supplying the radial network reducing the risk of voltage collapse,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 20, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13205403.
[60] S. Mokkapaty, J. Weiss, F. Schalow, and J. Declercq, “New generation voltage regulation distribution transformer with an on load tap changer for power quality improvement in the electrical distribution systems,” CIRED - Open Access Proc. J., vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 784–787, 2017, doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0881.
[61] S. R and P. S, “Controlling of Power Transformer Tap Positions (OLTC) Using Facts Devices,” Perspect. Commun. Embed. Signal-processing - PiCES, vol. 4, no. 7 SE-, pp. 170–181, 2020, [Online]. Available: http://pices-journal.com/ojs/index.php/pices/article/view/267.
[62] L. Choukri, H. Chekenbah, R. Lasri, M. Bouhorma, and Y. Maataoui, “On-load tap-changer control by a fuzzy logic controller,” in Proceedings of 2019 IEEE World Conference on Complex Systems, WCCS 2019, 2019, p. 6, doi: 10.1109/ICoCS.2019.8930778.
[63] B. C. Neagu and G. Grigoras, “Optimal Voltage Control in Power Distribution Networks Using an Adaptive On-Load Tap Changer Transformers Techniques,” 2019 Int. Conf. Electromechanical Energy Syst. SIELMEN 2019 - Proc., 2019, doi: 10.1109/SIELMEN.2019.8905904.
[64] M. A. Kamarposhti, S. M. M. Khormandichali, and A. A. A. Solyman, “Locating and sizing of capacitor banks and multiple DGs in distribution system to improve reliability indexes and reduce loss using ABC algorithm,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 559–568, 2021, doi: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2641.
', './data/rengj/coversheet/951679130262.jpg'))
